أعرض تسجيلة المادة بشكل مبسط

dc.creator Norbert Weinrichter
dc.date 1999
dc.date.accessioned 2013-05-30T13:10:07Z
dc.date.available 2013-05-30T13:10:07Z
dc.date.issued 2013-05-30
dc.identifier http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1999-010.htm
dc.identifier http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=openurl&genre=article&issn=10275193&date=1999&volume=3&issue=&spage=10
dc.identifier.uri http://koha.mediu.edu.my:8181/jspui/handle/123456789/5635
dc.description Traditionally, the ECJ has treated the international legal framework of the external trade law of the Community with judicial self restraint. Especially the GATT was perceived as a forum for interstate negotiations driven by the spirit of intergovernmental reciprocity. Thus, the ECJ has concluded that the GATT should be protected from intrusion by national authorities and cannot be invoked directly before the court. However, in the context of new developments, GATT and WTO-law are increasingly seen differently: International trade rules can serve as a quasi-constitutional constraint on excessive national trade policy. Basic principles such as the Most Favored Nation clause, the principle of non-discrimination and the prohibition of quantitative restrictions are reinterpreted as protection of economic rights of individuals rather than as protection of interstate reciprocity. Application of GATT-rules by national authorities is thus essential for the effective implementation of the spirit of GATT to fight a potential bias in favor of protectionism. This article comments on the historic conditions and the development of this fundamental change in the perception of the spitit of the GATT and tries to assess its consequences.
dc.publisher ECSA-Austria
dc.source European Integration Online Papers
dc.subject GATT
dc.subject WTO
dc.subject Uruguay round
dc.subject common commercial policy
dc.subject non-tariff barriers
dc.subject non-discrimination
dc.subject dispute resolution
dc.subject law
dc.title Perspectives on the changing spirit of GATT


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أعرض تسجيلة المادة بشكل مبسط